Joyous Entry
A Joyous Entry (Blijde Intrede, Blijde Inkomst, or Blijde Intocht in Dutch, Joyeuse Entrée in French) was a local name used for the royal entry - the first official peaceable visit of a reigning monarch, prince, duke or governor into a city - mainly in the Duchy of Brabant or the County of Flanders and occasionally in France, Luxembourg or Hungary, often coinciding with granting more rights or privileges to the city.[1][2][3][4] They are a particular form of, and title for, the general phenomenon of ceremonial entries into cities by rulers or their representatives, which were celebrated with enormous pageantry and festivities throughout Europe from at least the late Middle Ages on. The leading artists available designed temporary decorated constructions such as triumphal arches, groups of musicians and actors performed on stands at which the procession halted, the houses on the processional route decorated themselves with hangings, flowers were thrown, and fountains flowed with wine. The custom began in the Middle Ages and continued until the French Revolution, although less often in Protestant counties after the Reformation. A formal first visit to a city by an inheritor of the throne of Belgium upon his accession and since 1900 for a crown prince upon his marriage, is still referred to as a "Joyous Entry", a reminder of this tradition of the rule of law.[5][6]
Some notable Joyous Entries
- In 1356, the Joyous Entry into Brussels, by Joanna and her husband Wenceslaus I, Duke of Luxembourg, upon her becoming Duchess of Brabant on the death of her father John the Triumphant. A charter of liberties was granted to Brabant, as described in that article.[7][8]
- In 1407?, a Joyous Entry, by John the Fearless.[9]
- In 142?, a Joyous Entry, by Philip the Good.[9]
- In 1464, the Joyous Entry into Sopron, by King Matthias of Hungary — atypically mainly celebrating the return of the object of the Crown.[10]
- In 1467, the (not so very) 'Joyous' Entry into Ghent, by Charles the Bold.[11][12][9]
- In 1468, the Joyous Entry into Bruges, by Charles the Bold and Margaret of York.[13]
- In 1478, the Joyous Entry into Antwerp, by Maximilian of Austria.[3]
- In 1493?, the Joyous Entry into Mechelen, by Maximilian of Austria (and his young daughter Margarete)
- In 1496, the Joyous Entry into Brussels, by Joanna the Mad.[3]
- In 1501, a tour of Joyous Entries throughout Hainaut, Picardy, Île-de-France, Champagne, Burgundy and Franche-Comté, by Philibert II, Duke of Savoy and Margarete of Austria upon their marriage, and the following year into Bourg-en-Bresse.[2][14]
- In 1507, the Joyous Entry into Mechelen, by Philibert's widow Margarete, returning as Regent of the Low Countries.[14][15]
- In 1515, the Joyous Entries into Bruges, Ghent, Antwerp, and Leiden, by young Prince Charles.[2][11][16][17]
- In 1520, the Joyous Entry into Bruges, by young King Charles
- In 1548, the Joyous Entry into Lyon, by Henri II of Valois.[18]
- In 1549, the Joyous Entry into Brussels, by Emperor Charles V
- In 1549, the Joyous Entries into Bruges and Antwerp, by Philip II of Spain.[11][19]
- In 1550, the Joyous Entry into Rouen, by Henri II of Valois.[18]
- In 1561?, the (not so very) Joyous Entry into Mechelen, by Granvelle, as Archbishop.[20]
- In 1577, the (not so very) 'Joyous' Entry into Brussels, by Don John, as Governor of the Spanish Netherlands.[21]
- In 1578, the Joyous Entry into Brussels, by Prince Matthias, later the Magnificent.[22]
- In 1582, the Joyous Entry into Antwerp, Bruges, and Ghent, by François, Duke of Anjou.[11]
- In 1599-1600, a tour of Joyous Entries into Leuven, Brussels, Mechlin, Antwerp, Ghent, Bruges, Tournai, etc, by Archduke Albert and the Infanta Isabella.[23][24][25][26]
- In 1635, the Joyous Entry into Antwerp, by the Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand (decorations designed by P.P. Rubens).[27][25]
- In 1891, the Joyous Entry into Luxembourg, by Grand Duke Adolphe and his wife Adelheid.[28]
External links
References
- ^ Encyclopaedia Britannica — Joyeuse Entrée
- ^ a b c Bell & Hawell Information and Leaming: Margaret of Austria and Brou: Habsburg Polical Patronage in Savoy thesis submitted by Deanna MacDonald, Department of Art History and Archaeology, McGilf University, Montreal (pdf file)
- ^ a b c University of Leiden: Self-Representation of Court and City in Flanders and Brabant in the Fifteenth and Early Sixteenth Centuries, by Wim Blockmans & Esther Donckers (pdf file)
- ^ The Project Gutenberg EBook Holland, The History of the Netherlands by Thomas Colley Grattan
- ^ Museum of the World Ocean — The thirtieth anniversary of the international conferences (schools) for marine geology
- ^ (Dutch) Nieuwsbank interactief Nederlands persbureau
- ^ CRW Flags — Brabant (Former province, Belgium)
- ^ (Dutch) VRTtaal.net Blijde Inkomst (Language site by the official public TV broadcaster)
- ^ a b c (Dutch) University of Leiden: Vlaanderen 1384-1482, by W.P. Blockmans (pdf file)
- ^ (Dutch) Dissertations University of Groningen: De Hongaarse heilige kroon (The Hungarian Sacred Crown) (pdf file)
- ^ a b c d presentation of a university conference, see: LA Williams Andrews Clark Library Conference The political culture of the revolt of the Netherlands, 1566-1648, October 7-8 2005 (draft) by Marc Boone (University of Ghent)
- ^ The Project Gutenberg EBook Charles the Bold, Last Duke of Burgundy, by Ruth Putnam
- ^ "whips and angels, Painting on Cloth in the Mediaeval Period" by Barbara Gordon
- ^ a b (Dutch)[series Joos De Rijcke: Margaretha van Oostenrijk of van Savoye, mentioning sources DEBAE 1987, Kocken 1981, DE IONGH 1981]
- ^ (Dutch) Tertio, Christian weekly journal, 297 p. 11 - 2005-10-19: Stad in vorstelijke vrouwenhanden - Mechelse Margareta’s by Sabine Alexander
- ^ University of Utrecht - C.M.M.E. — A Choirbook for Henry VIII and his Sisters ed. Theodor Dumitrescu
- ^ De Divisiekroniek van 1517, republished Amsterdam 2003, Editor: Karin Tilmans (pdf file)
- ^ a b British Library — Festivals in Valois France
- ^ Antiquarian site referencing "Kuyper,W. The Triumphant Entry of Renaissance architecture into the Netherlands. The Joyeuse Entrée of Philip of Spain into Antwerp in 1549. Renaissance and Mannerist architecture in the Low Countries from 1530 to 1630, Alphen aan de Rijn, 1994."
- ^ American Presbyterian Church: Duchess Margaret I, part 2, chapter 2 Opposition to Philip and Cardinal Granvelle in the Netherlands
- ^ University of Mannheim site: The Cambridge Modern History, planned by Lord Acton, ed. by Adolphus W. Ward. Cambridge: Univ. Press volume III, chapter XV Spain under Philip II by Martin Hume, of the Royal Spanish Academy
- ^ (Dutch) municipality of Willebroek, Flanders, Belgium: history Belgium and the Netherlands, year 1578
- ^ Catholic University of Leuven, Justus Lipsius: Philologist, Philosopher and Political Theorist
- ^ site of the Cathedral of St. Michael and St. Gudula (Brussels) — National events
- ^ a b (Dutch) dbnl (digital library for Dutch literature), Leiden: De weerliicke liefden tot Roose-mond, Justus de Harduwijn, edition O. Dambre, p. 11, 12
- ^ Albert & Isabella's Virtual Tour - Joyous Entry
- ^ JSTOR A lost oil scetch by Rubens rediscovered: "Entry of the Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand into the city of Antwerp in I635"
- ^ Luxembourg Medals - 1891. Grand Duke Adolphe and Grand Duchess Adelheid